1. Exterior Inspection
When youre buying your first home, its easy to get caught up in the excitement. But before you make it official, taking a close look at the homes exterior is crucial. This step helps you catch potential issues that could cost you money down the road. Heres what you need to check:
Roof
The roof protects the entire house, so any damage here can lead to major problems inside. Look for missing or curling shingles, signs of moss or algae growth, and sagging areas. If possible, ask how old the roof is—most roofs last between 20 to 30 years depending on the material.
Gutters and Downspouts
Gutters should be securely attached and free of debris. Make sure downspouts direct water away from the foundation. Poor drainage can lead to basement flooding or foundation damage over time.
Siding and Paint
Check for cracks, holes, or rotting in wood siding. If the house has vinyl or aluminum siding, look for warping or loose panels. Peeling paint can also be a sign of moisture problems or neglect.
Foundation
A solid foundation is key to a stable home. Walk around the exterior and look for large cracks, bulging walls, or signs of water pooling near the base of the house. Small hairline cracks are normal in older homes, but anything bigger may require professional evaluation.
Driveway and Walkways
Inspect for uneven surfaces, large cracks, or crumbling edges. These could be tripping hazards or signs of shifting soil underneath.
Landscaping and Drainage
The yard should slope away from the house to prevent water from seeping into the foundation. Check that plants and trees are not too close to the home—roots can damage foundations and overhanging branches can affect the roof.
Quick Exterior Checklist
| Item | What to Look For |
|---|---|
| Roof | Curling/missing shingles, sagging, moss/algae growth |
| Gutters & Downspouts | Secure attachment, clear of debris, proper drainage direction |
| Siding/Paint | Cracks, rot, peeling paint, loose panels |
| Foundation | Large cracks, water pooling, bulges |
| Driveway/Walkways | Cracks, uneven surfaces, crumbling edges |
| Landscaping/Drainage | Slope away from house, distance of trees/plants from foundation |
Taking time to thoroughly inspect these areas can help you avoid costly surprises after moving in. Bring a checklist with you during your visit or consider hiring a professional inspector if youre unsure about anything.
2. Interior Structure and Surfaces
When walking through a potential new home, it’s important to take a close look at the interior structure and surfaces. This part of the inspection helps reveal signs of underlying issues like structural movement or water damage that could turn into costly repairs later.
What to Look For
Use your eyes and hands to check for any visual or physical irregularities in the walls, ceilings, and floors. These areas often give clues about the overall health of the home’s structure.
Common Issues to Check:
| Area | What to Inspect | Potential Red Flags |
|---|---|---|
| Walls | Look for cracks, bulges, or discoloration | Large cracks, especially near doors/windows, may indicate foundation issues |
| Ceilings | Inspect for stains, sagging, or bubbling paint | Water stains or warping may signal roof leaks or plumbing problems above |
| Floors | Check for unevenness, soft spots, or warped boards | Sinking areas might suggest subfloor damage or moisture issues |
Tips for First-Time Buyers
- Use a flashlight: Lighting can hide imperfections. Shine light at angles to spot wall cracks or paint bubbles.
- Feel the surfaces: Run your hand along walls and floors to detect any unusual textures or softness.
- Trust your nose: Musty smells can be a sign of hidden water damage or mold behind walls.
If You Notice Problems
If you spot any major concerns during this part of the walkthrough—like large ceiling stains or slanted flooring—it’s smart to ask for a professional inspection. Some issues might be cosmetic, but others could point to serious structural defects that affect safety and resale value.
3. Plumbing System
When youre walking through your future home, dont forget to take a good look at the plumbing system. A small leak or low water pressure might seem like no big deal now, but it could turn into an expensive repair later. Here’s how to check the most important plumbing components during your home inspection.
Check All Faucets and Fixtures
Turn on every faucet in the house — kitchen, bathroom sinks, tubs, showers — and watch how the water flows. You’re looking for steady water pressure and clean, rust-free water. Also, check under sinks for any signs of leaks or moisture damage.
What to Look For:
| Area | Signs to Check |
|---|---|
| Kitchen/Bathroom Faucets | Drips, loose handles, low water pressure |
| Under Sinks | Water stains, moldy smell, dampness |
| Showers/Tubs | Uneven spray, slow drainage, discoloration |
Inspect Toilets
Flush each toilet and make sure it empties and refills properly. Listen for any strange noises and check around the base for leaks or wobbling.
Watch Out For:
- Running toilets that don’t stop after flushing
- Loose or wobbly bases
- Leaking around the floor seal
Examine the Water Heater
The water heater is a key part of your homes comfort system. Look at its age (you can usually find this on the label), and check for rust, corrosion, or leaks around the base. Don’t forget to ask about the last time it was serviced.
Quick Checklist:
- No visible rust or corrosion on the tank
- No puddles or damp spots underneath
- Pilot light (if gas-powered) is functioning properly
- Unit is less than 10-15 years old (typical lifespan)
Look at Visible Pipes
If you can access areas like basements, crawl spaces, or utility rooms, inspect exposed pipes. Youre checking for any signs of corrosion, mineral buildup, dripping water, or strange odors.
Tip:
If you notice greenish stains on copper pipes or white crusty buildup near joints, these could be early signs of corrosion or hard water damage.
4. Electrical System
As a first-time homebuyer, its important to make sure the electrical system is safe and up to code. Faulty wiring or outdated components can lead to serious hazards like electrical fires. Heres what you should look out for during your home inspection:
Check Outlets and Light Switches
Walk through each room and test all the outlets and light switches. Plug in a small device like a phone charger to confirm power. Make sure switches work smoothly without flickering lights or odd sounds.
What to Look For:
| Component | What to Check | Red Flags |
|---|---|---|
| Outlets | Ensure they are grounded and securely attached | Sparks, loose outlets, or signs of burning |
| Light Switches | Test for functionality and stability | Flickering lights, crackling sounds, or broken switches |
| GFCI Outlets | Check kitchens, bathrooms, garages, and exterior areas for GFCIs | No reset/test buttons or failure to trip when tested |
Inspect the Breaker Panel (Electrical Panel)
The breaker panel is the heart of your homes electrical system. Open the panel door (if safe) and check for clear labeling of circuits. An organized panel with breakers labeled by room or area shows good maintenance.
What to Look For:
- No signs of rust, corrosion, or moisture around the panel
- Circuit breakers are clearly labeled and match rooms in the house
- No double-tapped breakers unless approved by the manufacturer
- Main breaker is easy to locate and accessible in an emergency
Look at Wiring Condition and Age
If possible, ask about the type of wiring used—older homes may have aluminum or knob-and-tube wiring, which can be safety concerns. A licensed home inspector can help determine if upgrades are needed.
Tip:
If youre buying an older home, consider budgeting for an electrical upgrade if outdated wiring is found. It’s not just about convenience—it’s about safety too.
5. HVAC System and Insulation
When youre buying your first home, checking the HVAC system (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) is a must. This system plays a big role in keeping your home comfortable year-round and can be expensive to repair or replace if its not working properly. Also, dont overlook insulation and ventilation — these are key to keeping energy bills down and maintaining good indoor air quality.
How to Check the HVAC System
Start by testing both the heating and cooling functions. Even if youre buying during winter, ask the inspector or seller to turn on the air conditioning briefly to make sure it works. Listen for unusual noises, check airflow from vents, and see if each room heats or cools evenly.
Here’s what to look for:
| Component | What to Check |
|---|---|
| Thermostat | Ensure it turns systems on/off and responds accurately to temperature settings. |
| Furnace & AC Unit | Check age, condition, and maintenance history. Units over 15 years may need replacement soon. |
| Ductwork | Look for visible damage or leaks that could reduce efficiency. |
| Filter | A dirty filter might indicate poor maintenance. Ask when it was last changed. |
Insulation: Keeping Energy Bills Low
Proper insulation helps your HVAC system work more efficiently by keeping warm or cool air inside where it belongs. Ask about the type and amount of insulation in the attic and walls. You can also look for signs like drafty rooms or uneven temperatures across the house.
Key areas to inspect:
- Attic: Look for at least 10–14 inches of insulation depending on your climate zone.
- Crawl spaces/basement: Should be insulated to prevent heat loss from below.
- Walls: Harder to inspect without tools, but an inspector can use thermal cameras.
Ventilation: For Fresh, Healthy Air
A well-ventilated home helps control moisture levels, reduces allergens, and improves air quality. Make sure bathroom fans, kitchen range hoods, and attic vents are functioning properly. Poor ventilation can lead to mold growth and stuffy air inside the home.
Quick Tips:
- If windows fog up often, it could signal poor ventilation or insulation issues.
- Mold or mildew smells are red flags — especially in basements or bathrooms.
Your home inspector will help identify potential problems with the HVAC system, insulation, and ventilation. Don’t hesitate to ask questions about repair costs or energy efficiency upgrades you might need down the line.
6. Attic, Basement, and Crawl Spaces
When inspecting a home, don’t overlook the attic, basement, and crawl spaces. These less-accessible areas can hide serious and expensive problems. For first-time homebuyers, knowing what to look for in these spots is key to avoiding future headaches.
What to Check For
These areas often reveal hidden issues that may not be visible in the main living spaces. Use the table below to guide your inspection:
| Area | What to Look For | Why It Matters |
|---|---|---|
| Attic | Insulation levels, signs of water leaks, mold, proper ventilation, pest activity (droppings or nests) | Poor insulation or ventilation can affect energy bills; leaks and pests can cause long-term damage |
| Basement | Dampness, water stains on walls or floor, cracks in foundation, musty odors, mold growth | Moisture can lead to structural issues and health concerns due to mold |
| Crawl Spaces | Standing water, wood rot, sagging floors above, exposed wiring or plumbing issues | Crawl space problems can compromise the homes foundation and safety |
Helpful Tips for First-Time Buyers
- Bring a flashlight: Lighting may be limited in these areas.
- Wear protective clothing: These spaces can be dusty and dirty.
- Use your senses: Look for visual signs of trouble, feel for dampness, and smell for musty or unusual odors.
- If unsure, hire a professional: A certified home inspector knows exactly where to look and what the warning signs are.
Red Flags That May Require Professional Attention
- Mold on joists or insulation material
- Pest infestations like termites or rodents
- Sagging beams or structural supports
- Persistent standing water or high humidity levels
Your Takeaway as a First-Time Buyer
The attic, basement, and crawl spaces might not be glamorous parts of a home tour, but they’re crucial when assessing a propertys true condition. Taking time to inspect them thoroughly could save you thousands in repairs down the road.
